*inserting the author's name and date of publication*
-when paraphrasing, summarising, or refering to a source, simply insert author's name and date of publication in brackets after the paraphrase/summary, etc...
*when the author's name appears normally within your work*
-insert the author's name in the text, and the date of publication after the name.
*paraphrasing or summarising from specific pages*
-from a lengthy source, which may require more finite information, write date of publication and page numbers in brackets.
*if there is no date on the source*
-write 'n.d' ('not dated') after the author's name.
*linking more than one author at the same point in the text*
-list in order of publication (earliest first), or, use semicolons to seperate authors.
*the author has more than one item puvlished within the same year.*
-use lower case letters after the date referring to more than one item published in the same year by the same author- e.g. a, b, c, d...
*more than one author with the same surname and the same year*
-author's initials should only be used when two or more authors being cities in the same assignment have the same surname and have published in the same year, in which case they should be identified by initials in order to avoid confusion.
*direct quotations*
-if you are directly quoting the author's own words within your writing, you should enclose these in quotation marks and give the author, date, and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets. If other details of parts of the document are taken from, required, for example, section numbers or title numbers of sound recordings, these should appear after the date, within the brackets.
standard abbreviations are: page (p.), pages (pp.), section (s) and sections (ss).
*THE LIST OF REFERENCES OR BIBLIOGRAPHY (OR BOTH) COMES AT THE END OF YOUR ESSAY OR ASSIGNMENT. IT IS IMPORTANT TO...*
-BE CONSISTENT.
-FOLLOW THE HARVARD STYLE.
-GIVE ENOUGH INFORMATION FOR THE READER TO LOCATE THE SOURCE IN THE FUTURE.
-your list of references or bibliography is organised alphabetically by author, whether a person or organisation, or by title where there is no author. It is evidence of all the sources you have used in your research. With the exception of any items included for background purposes (see above), the author and date from each reference in your bibliography have already appeared in the text of your essay or assignment. A reader can move easily between the citations in the text and your list in order to check the relevant details.
-highlight the title of each item listed using bold type, or underlined, or italics. Whichever you choose, you must be consistent for all the references in your bibliography- bold type being most commonly used.
-in your list of references or bibliography, in order to maintain consistency, use only the intial letters of the writer's first name; even if you have more information .
*BOOKS*
-take your information from the title page of a book, rather than the cover; these are sometimes slightly different. Include the following information, in this order:
1. author(s), editor(s), or the organisation responsible for writing the book.
2. year of publication- in brackets.
3. title and subtitle (if any)- underlined, or bold, or in italics, followed by a full stop.
4. series and individual volume number (if any)- followed by a full stop.
5. edition, if not the first, for example, '2nd ed.'.
6. place of publication, if known-followed by a comma.
7. publisher- followed by a full stop.
*NEWSPAPER ARTICLES*
-include the following information in this order:
1. author of the article where given, if not the title.
2. year of publication- in brackets.
3. title of the article- followed by a full stop.
4. title of the newspaper- underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma.
5. date (no year needed)- followed by a comma.
6. page number(s) of article- followed by a full stop.
*ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER ARTICLES*
-follow the same format as for an e-journal article (see previous page), but give the date information differently. Occasionally, the web address for an electronic newspaper article will be excessively long, as it will contain control codes.
*WEB PAGES*
-in order to maintain consistency, use a style for citing and referencing work from the internet that conforms to the Harvard system.
-web addresses can be excessively long if they contain control codes from your search. In such cases, include enough of the address for your reader to identify the site.
-keep a personal copy of all site links incaser they expire- including the date you accessed it for referencing.
*PERSONAL E-MAIL MESSAGES*
-with personal messages the 'subject line' of the message is given as a title and the full date is given.
-use the words 'e-mail to' followed by the recipent's name.
-you should include both the sender's and recipent's e-mail addresses.
include information in this order:
1. sender
2. sender's e-mail address- in brackets, and followed by a comma.
3. day, month, and year the e-mail was sent- followed by a full stop.
4. subject of message- underlined, or bold, or in italics, and followed by a full stop.
5. the words 'e-mail to' followed by the recipent's name.
6. recipient's e-mail address- in brackets, and followed by a full stop.
*FILM AND VIDEO*
-bear in mind the needs of research whom may follow you. in the case of audio-visual sources, they are not only going to need as much information as possible to trace the recording, but they may also need to know the formats if they are actually going to be able to play it back. where possible, quote the format, such as VHS Video, 35mm film, CD, DVD, etc.
*TELEVISION AND ON-AIR RECORDINGS*
-television programmes are usually identified as video recordings
(however, see ‘podcasts’ page 49).
It is important to include details of when the programme was
broadcast, especially for series that are transmitted throughout the
year.
1. Series title – followed by a full stop
2. Series number (if appropriate) – followed by a full stop
3. Year of production – in brackets
4. Programme title – underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed
by a full stop
5. Place of publication – followed by a comma
6. Transmitting organisation – followed by a comma
7. Date of transmission – followed by a comma
8. Medium and then format – separated by a colon, in square
brackets and followed by a full stop.
1. Film title – underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full
stop
2. Year of production – in brackets
3. Person or body responsible for production (for example, the
director) – followed by a full stop
4. Place of publication (where the television company who screened
the film are based) – followed by a comma
5. Transmitting organisation – followed by a comma
6. Date of transmission – followed by a comma
7. Medium and then format – separated by a colon, in square
brackets and followed by a full stop.
*RADIO PROGRAMMES*
1. Title of broadcast – underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed
by a full stop
2. Year of broadcast – in brackets
3. Place of publication, if available, followed by a comma
4. The broadcaster (this will usually give the medium) – followed by
a full stop
5. The date, month and time as appropriate – followed by a full stop.
Example
You and yours. (2008) London, BBC Radio 4. 30 September, 12:00.
*PODCASTS*
-for podcasts, we suggest that you include sufficient information
about the content to clearly identify the item and give the web
location, so that your readers can access it themselves if they wish.
The format of your reference will be similar to that for a television or
radio broadcast, but with additional web page information.
1. Title of podcast – underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by
a full stop
2. Year of podcast – in brackets
3. Podcast type - in square brackets - followed by a full stop
4. Place of publication, if available, followed by a comma
5. Publisher, broadcaster or podcaster – followed by a full stop
6. Date, if appropriate, followed by a full stop
7. The words ‘Available from’ - followed by a colon
8. The internet address – in angled brackets
8. The word ‘Accessed’ and the date you accessed the podcast - in
square brackets and followed by a full stop.
*SOUND RECORDINGS AND DIDGITAL AUDIO FILES*
*SOUND RECORDINGS*
*SOUND RECORDINGS*
-for recorded music, the composer or songwriter if known, the year if
known (or n.d. if not), the title of the work, the performers, and the
recording company are usually identified, as well as the format.
1. Composer or songwriter if known - otherwise put the title or the
performers first as appropriate - followed by a full stop
2. Year of production – in brackets or (n.d. if not known)
3. Title of the work or piece – underlined, or bold, or in italics
followed by a comma
4. The performers, followed by a full stop
5. Publisher or recording company – followed by a full stop
6. Medium and then format – separated by a colon, in square
brackets and followed by a full stop.
Recordings of drama, poetry, prose, lectures, and so on, often carry
the name and location of the publisher and the date of publication
and so these can be included in the reference.
*DIGITAL AUDIO FILES*
-for digital audio files, we suggest that you include sufficient
information about the item’s content to clearly identify it and give the
web location of the file, so that your readers can access it
themselves if they wish. The format of your reference will be similar
to that for a sound recording, but with additional web page
information.
1. Composer or songwriter, if known, otherwise put the title or the
performers first as appropriate - followed by a full stop
2. Year of production – in brackets or (n.d. if not known)
3. Title of the work or piece – underlined, or bold, or in italics
followed by a comma
4. The performers (full names or name usually known by) followed
by a full stop
5. File type – in square brackets - followed by a comma
6. Place of publication, if available, followed by a comma
7. Publisher or provider - followed by a full stop
8. The words ‘Available from’ - followed by a colon
9. The Internet address – in angled brackets
10. The word ‘Accessed’ and the date you accessed the audio file - in
square brackets and followed by a full stop.
*IMAGES AND WORKS OF ART*
-in the text of your assignment:
Acknowledge the source from which you have taken the image in the
same way as you would quotations with the author and date (in
brackets) and full details in the bibliography.
*IMAHES TAKEN FROM A BOOK OR OTHER PUBLICATION*
-if you wish to specify that you used an image from a book, follow the
normal rules for referencing a book and then add an abbreviation for
illustration – ‘illus.’.
*ONLINE IMAGES*
-images should always be acknowledged, even if they are on ‘free’
clip art servers. Some web sites specifically request that extra
information should be cited as a condition of free use of the image.
If you are citing online images in your work, make a note of such
requests.
1. Title of image, or a description – underlined, or bold, or in italics
and followed by a full stop
2. Year – in brackets
3. The words ‘Online image’ or ‘Online video’ – in square brackets
and followed by a full stop
4. The words ‘Available from’ – followed by a colon
5. The internet address – in angled brackets
6. The word ‘Accessed’ and the date you viewed the image – in
square brackets and followed by a full stop.
*ORIGINAL WORKS OF ART*
1. Artist
2. Year work was produced – in brackets
3. Title of work – underlined, or bold, or in italics
4. Material type – in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Common material types are: ceramic, drawing, lithograph etc.
5. The words ‘Held at’
6. The location of the gallery, museum, etc. – followed by a full stop.
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